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The Death of Ivan Ilyich

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9/28/2013 7:43:42 AM

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The   Death   of   Ivan   Ilyich   (Russian:   Смерть   Ивана   Ильича,

Smert'   Ivana   Ilyicha),   first   published   in   1886,   is   a   novella   by

Leo   Tolstoy,   one   of   the   masterpieces   of   his   late   fiction,

written   shortly   after   his   religious   conversion   of   the   late

1870s.

The   novella   tells   the   story   of   the   death,   at   age   45,   of   a   high-

court   judge   in   19th-century   Russia.   Living   what   seems   to   be

a   good   life,   his   dreadful   relationship   with   his   wife

notwithstanding,   Ivan   Ilyich   Golovin   injures   his   side   while

hanging   up   curtains   in   a   new   apartment   intended   to   reflect

his   family's   superior   status   in   society.   Within   weeks,   he   has

developed   a   strange   taste   in   his   mouth   and   a   pain   that   will

not   go   away.   Several   expensive   doctors   are   consulted,   but

beyond   muttering   about   blind   gut   and   floating   kidneys,   they

can   neither   explain   nor   treat   his   condition,   and   it   soon

becomes   clear   that   Ivan   Ilyich   is   dying.

The   second   half   of   the   narrative   records   his   terror   as   he

battles   with   the   idea   of   his   own   death.   "I   have   been   here.

Now   I   am   going   there.   Where?   ...   No,   I   won't   have   it!"

Oppressed   by   the   length   of   the   process,   his   wife,   daughter,

colleagues,   and   even   the   physicians,   decide   in   the   end   not

to   speak   of   it,   but   advise   him   to   stay   calm   and   follow

doctors'   orders,   leaving   him   to   wrestle   with   how   this   terrible

thing   could   befall   a   man   who   had   lived   so   well.

He   spends   his   last   three   days   screaming.   He   realizes   he

is   "done   for,   there   was   no   way   back,   the   end   was   here,   the

absolute   end   ..."   One   hour   before   his   death,   in   a   moment   of

clarity,   he   sees   that   he   has   not,   after   all,   lived   well,   but   has

lived   only   for   himself.   After   months   of   dwelling   on   his   own

anguish,   he   suddenly   feels   pity   for   the   people   he's   leaving

behind,   and   hopes   his   death   will   set   them   free.   With   that

thought,   his   pain   disappears.   He   hears   someone   say,   "He's

gone."   He   whispers   to   himself,   "Death   has   gone,"   and

draws   his   last   breath.

wiki

回覆

.. 在9/28/2013 7:53:23 AM的回覆：
Interpretation
In   his   1997   publication   in   Cambridge   Journal’s   Ageing   &

Society,   psychologist   Mark   Freeman   writes:

Tolstoy's   book   is   about   many   things:   the   tyranny   of

bourgeois   niceties,   the   terrible   weak   spots   of   the   human

heart,   the   primacy   and   elision   of   death.   But   more   than

anything,   I   would   offer,   it   is   about   the   consequences   of   living

without   meaning,   that   is,   without   a   true   and   abiding

connection   to   one's   life.

Indeed,   the   mundane   portrayal   of   Ivan’s   life   coupled   with   the

dramatization   of   his   long   and   grueling   battle   with   death

seems   to   directly   reflect   Tolstoy’s   theories   about   moral

living,   which   he   largely   derived   during   his   sabbatical   from

personal   and   professional   duties   in   1877.   In   his   lectures   on

Russian   literature,   Russian-born   novelist   and   critic   Vladimir

Nabokov   argues   that,   for   Tolstoy,   a   sinful   life   (such   as

Ivan's)   is   moral   death.   Therefore   death,   the   return   of   the

soul   to   God,   is,   for   Tolstoy,   moral   life.   To   quote

Nabokov:   "The   Tolstoyan   formula   is:   Ivan   lived   a   bad   life   and

since   the   bad   life   is   nothing   but   the   death   of   the   soul,   then

Ivan   lived   a   living   death;   and   since   beyond   death   is   God's

living   light,   then   Ivan   died   into   a   new   life   –   Life   with   a   capital
L."

The   Death   of   Ivan   Ilyich,   therefore,   is   more   than   a   story

about   death.   Death   permeates   the   narrative   in   a   realistic

and   absorbing   fashion   but,   interestingly   enough,   the   actual

physicality   of   death   is   only   passively   mentioned   in   the   early

chapters   during   Ivan’s   wake.   Instead,   the   story   leads   the

reader   through   a   pensive,   metaphysical   exploration   of   the

reason   for   death   and   what   it   means   to   truly   live.   Tolstoy   was

a   man   who   struggled   greatly   with   self-doubt   and   spiritual

reflection,   especially   as   he   grew   close   to   his   own   death   in

1910.   In   his   book,   A   Confession,   Tolstoy   writes:

No   matter   how   often   I   may   be   told,   "You   cannot   understand

the   meaning   of   life   so   do   not   think   about   it,   but   live,"   I   can   no

longer   do   it:   I   have   already   done   it   too   long.   I   cannot   now

help   seeing   day   and   night   going   round   and   bringing   me   to

death.   That   is   all   I   see,   for   that   alone   is   true.   All   else   is   false.

This   personal   epiphany   caused   significant   spiritual

upheaval   in   Tolstoy’s   life,   prompting   him   to   question   the

Russian   Orthodox   Church,   sexuality,   education,   serfdom,

etc.   The   literature   Tolstoy   composed   during   this   period

can   be   considered   some   of   his   most   controversial   and

philosophical,   among   which   falls   The   Death   of   Ivan   Ilyich

and   other   famous   short   stories   such   as   The   Kreutzer

Sonata   and   The   Devil.   From   a   biographical   standpoint,

therefore,   it   is   possible   to   interpret   The   Death   of   Ivan   Ilyich

as   a   manifestation   of   Tolstoy’s   embroilment   with   death   and

the   meaning   of   his   own   life   during   his   final   years.   In   other

words,   by   dramatizing   a   particular   sort   of   lifestyle   and   its

unbearable   decline,   Tolstoy   is   able   to   impart   his   philosophy

that   success,   such   as   Ivan   Ilyich’s,   comes   at   a   great   moral

cost   and   if   one   decides   to   pay   this   cost,   life   will   become

hollow   and   insincere   and   therefore   worse   than   death.

German   philosopher「   Martin   Heidegger」   refers   to   the

novella   in   his   book   'Being   and   Time'   as   an   illustration   of

Being   towards   death.

回覆

.. 在9/28/2013 8:13:57 AM的回覆：
真誠性   (repo)
按照海德格爾的看法，我們中的每一個人都有一種屬己的而有待實現的潛能，並不得不面對自己的死亡。
作為海德格爾講的「此有」（dasein   英語be   there），如果它（他或她）在面對這麼一個孤獨局面時採取決斷的態度，並且敢於承擔自己的唯一性和個體性，那麼此人就可說是進入了「真誠的」（authentic）生存狀態，並意識到這個狀態的含義。真誠性（authenticity）連通著個人的未來和過去，使自我具有連續性。它還要求在這種關係上接受自己的死亡。
海德格爾認為，當人與自己的死亡遭遇時，真實的屬己的自我才會顯露出來。在真正屬已狀態中，「我」總是居先的，儘管這個「我」並不等同於一個傳統哲學意義上的主體。如果一個人被畏懼壓倒，通過沒入於眾人或匿名的「人們」[They，das   Man]來保護自己，正如人們通常所做的那様，他就進入了「不真誠的」（inauthentic）生存狀態。   在「不真誠的」（inauthenticity）狀態中，「人們」（They）居先，人失去了自己的存有意義。
這種態度或姿態就是   海德格爾所說的此有的「沉淪」[fallingness，Verfallen]，即此有避開自身，讓自身沉淪於日常的一般性事務中，與俗世共浮沉。

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